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| Sleep Products | Sleep Order Form |
I INTRODUCTION TO SLEEP
Sleep, normal, regular state of rest of an organism. In contrast to the waking state, sleep is characterized by relative quiescence of physiological functions (blood pressure, breathing, heartbeat) and a relatively low response to external stimuli.
II TYPICAL SLEEP CYCLE
Sleep has long been treated as
a behavioral state. Nonetheless, some characteristics of brain physiology such
as brain-wave patterns—as recorded by electroencephalography, or EEG—are now
accepted as part of its definition because of their unvarying association with
sleep behavior.
A. Stages of Sleep
The brain waves of a person go through certain constant changes, classified as stages 1 to 4, in the course of the sleep cycle. The EEG of a person in the waking state is characterized by alpha waves (8 to 12 cycles/sec) and low-voltage activity of mixed frequency, whereas sleep onset involves a disappearance of this alpha activity. Stage 1, considered the lightest stage of sleep, is characterized by low-voltage, desynchronized activity and sometimes by low-voltage, regular activity at 4 to 6 cycles/sec as well. After a few seconds or minutes, this gives way to stage 2, a pattern showing frequent spindle-shaped tracings on the EEG, called sleep spindles, at 13 to 15 cycles/sec, and certain high-voltage spikes known as K-complexes. Soon thereafter, stage 3 begins with the appearance of delta waves (high-voltage activity at 0.5 to 2.5 cycles/sec). Eventually, in stage 4, these delta waves occupy the major part of the record.
B. Dreaming Sleep
The categorization of sleep records into these four stages is a somewhat arbitrary division of a continuous process. More important, sleep exhibits four or five periods of so-called emergence from stages, 2, 3, and 4 to a stage similar to stage 1. Persons awakened during these periods of emergence frequently—60 to 90 percent of the time—report that they have been dreaming. Such periods are characterized not only by stage-1 EEG patterns and by rapid conjugate (coupled) eye movements but also by many other distinguishing factors. Among these are a great irregularity in pulse rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure; the presence of full or partial penile erections in the male; and generalized low muscular tone interrupted by movements in small muscle groups.
Periods of emergence thus differ markedly from typical stage-1 sleep as well as from the other three stages. Because of these distinguishing characteristics and because of their specific neurophysiological and chemical character (see below), these periods are now almost universally seen as constituting a separate state of sleep. Similar sleep periods are found in nearly all mammals and birds studied. These periods are referred to as D- (desynchronized or dreaming) sleep; the remainder of sleep is called S- (synchronized) sleep. These two states are also known, respectively, as REM (rapid-eye-movement) sleep and NREM (non-rapid-eye-movement) sleep; as paradoxical sleep and orthodox sleep; or as active sleep and quiet sleep. See Dreaming.
C Anomalies
The individual EEG changes characteristic of sleep may sometimes be deceptive. The deep, slow waves usually associated with sleep, for instance, can be found in the waking state under certain pharmacological conditions and are also seen during certain phases of anesthesia or coma. Thus, when an EEG tracing is used to make a diagnosis of sleep, the regular cyclic pattern described above and the regular alternation of the two states are the most important phenomena, rather than any single characteristic wave form.D Time Allotments
Several characteristics of a typical night's sleep are found regularly and universally. First, the four or five periods of D-sleep that occur during the night take up a total time of about 90 minutes, a little more than 20 percent of total sleep time. Second, the first D-sleep period occurs about 70 to 120 minutes after the onset of sleep. This interval may be longer in some normal subjects, but it is significantly shorter only in a few abnormal clinical and experimental conditions such as narcolepsy; and the pattern occurs whether or not the person recalls any dreams.
Some time variations occur with age, however. The young always have more sleep time, and considerably more D-sleep time, than do adults, as in any mammalian species. The newborn child sleeps 16 to 18 hours, at least half of which is D-sleep. The young adult human spends 16 to 17 hours awake and 7 to 8 hours asleep, of which perhaps 6 hours are spent in S-sleep and 1.5 hours in D-sleep. Both S- and D-sleep, on the average, decrease slightly with increasing age. The same relationship appears to hold for other mammalian species.E Sleep in Other Species
As for other animals, most vertebrates may be said to display at least a primitive form of sleep, according to the above behavioral definition. Fish and amphibians have periods of quiescence accompanied by decreased response to environmental stimuli. Concomitant EEG or other recordings, however, have not demonstrated clear-cut sleep-versus-waking differences. Reptiles demonstrate sleep behavior, and recordings show results somewhat similar to mammalian S-sleep; in a few instances, brief episodes of a state very much resembling D-sleep have been recorded as well. Birds have definite periods of both S- and D-sleep, although the D-periods are generally very short and account for a small percentage of total sleep time. All mammals have clear S- and D-sleep, with the possible exception of a single very primitive mammal, the spiny anteater.
III PHYSIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF SLEEP
A tremendous amount of knowledge has been accumulated about the central and peripheral mechanisms controlling and involving sleep. Basically, certain areas in the brain stem—the most primitive part of the brain and the part that controls such basic functions as breathing and heart rate—are involved in the control of the two sleep states. Considerable controversy still exists as to exactly which brain-stem regions are involved and how they interact, but it is known that several brain chemicals called biogenic amines—dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin—act as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in regulating discharge of brain cells. The evidence is clearest for the involvement of serotonin. Serotonin is necessary for normal sleep to occur, although it is only one of many elements and is not sufficient in itself. The roles that norepinephrine and dopamine have in sleep are less certain.Recent research demonstrates that the human nervous system controls the body's functions differently during the sleep states than during waking. The details are complex, but breathing mechanisms, temperature mechanisms, and musculature all function differently during sleep. Especially dramatic are the changes during D-sleep, in which core-body temperature is hardly controlled at all, so that mammals, including humans, become poikilothermic (cold-blooded). Differences in control mechanisms are becoming important in helping to characterize and understand a whole series of sleep-related diseases; for instance, in sleep apnea, breathing repeatedly stops or becomes very shallow during sleep.
A Functions of Sleep and Sleep Requirements
Probably the most important and difficult question is that of the functions of sleep. This question has not been completely answered, and differences of opinion exist. Some scientists believe that sleep has no biological function and is simply a sort of habit. The predominance of evidence, however, suggests a biological function for sleep—in fact, most probably two functions, related to the two states of sleep. S-sleep tends to increase after exercise, after starvation, and at other times of increased metabolic need. Thus, S-sleep probably plays a role in the restoration of the body and brain, perhaps facilitating the synthesis of large molecules such as proteins and ribonucleic acids. D-sleep may play a more complex role in providing restoration for brain processes—especially some higher-level brain processes involved in focusing attention, waking ego mechanisms, performing subtle cognitive and social tasks, and so on.
The numerous investigations leading to these conclusions include studies of total sleep deprivation and of differential deprivation of different sorts of sleep, as well as studies of persons who always sleep 9 or more hours (long sleepers) and those who always sleep less than 6 hours (short sleepers). As the latter point indicates, a tremendous variation occurs in sleep requirements. Some persons function well on five hours of sleep a night, whereas others require ten hours; yet they are all physically and mentally normal. A person functioning with no sleep or almost none is occasionally heard of, but such reports have not been substantiated; apparently some sleep, at least four or five hours, is needed by everyone.
B Sleep Disorders
A new field of clinical medicine is developing, related to psychiatry and neurology but not identical to either one. Called sleep medicine, it deals with sleep disorders, of which many kinds can be identified. Sleep problems are usually divided into three kinds: the insomnias, a group of problems producing difficulty in falling asleep or difficulty in staying asleep (see Insomnia); hypersomnolence, characterized by too much sleep, or sleepiness when a person does not want to sleep and episodic nocturnal events, consisting of disorders such as night terrors, nightmares, and sleepwalking .
Insomnia and hypersomnolence are only symptoms and may have many different causes. For example, insomnia can be caused by such conditions as painful arthritis; by endocrine disturbances; by the use of certain chemical substances or by the withdrawal from others (including alcohol); by psychological problems, such as anxiety and depression; and by disturbances in biorhythm such as jet lag (see Biological Clocks). In terms of treatment, therefore, insomnia is not an illness that can be cured by a sleeping pill. Rather, the physician must determine and treat the insomnia's underlying cause.
Contributed By:
Ernest Louis Hartmann
Sleep Products
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food & Drug Administration although most of the following information was found on The National Institute of Health (NIH) web site.. These products are not intended to diagnose, cure, treat or prevent any disease. If pregnant or lactating, consult a physician before using.
Alluna™
Alluna™ is a clinically tested formulation that promotes natural sleep.* Its natural properties help promote calm and relaxation, so you can fall asleep naturally and rest through the night.* Alluna™ helps your body maintain its own natural sleep pattern so you wake up refreshed.* Alluna™ is safe to take over time. Unlike with many drugs, you should not experience lingering effects with this product after you wake up. Alluna™ is a special formulation of herbs that have been used for centuries. This formulation meets our modern, strict standards for safety and quality. Imported from Switzerland.
*
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.DHEA
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA; prasterone) is a major adrenal hormone with no well accepted function. In both animals and humans, low DHEA levels occur with the development of a number of the problems of aging: immunosenesence, increased mortality, increased incidence of several cancers, loss of sleep, decreased feelings of well-being, osteoporosis and atherosclerosis. DHEA replacement in aged mice significantly normalized immunosenescence, suggesting that this hormone plays a key role in aging and immune regulation in mice. Similarly, osteoclasts and lymphoid cells were stimulated by DHEA replacement, an effect that may delay osteoporosis. Recent studies do not support the original suggestion that low serum DHEA levels are associated with Alzheimer's disease and other forms of cognitive dysfunction in the elderly. As DHEA modulates energy metabolism, low levels should affect lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis, increasing the risk of diabetes mellitus and heart disease. Most of the effects of DHEA replacement have been extrapolated from epidemiological or animal model studies, and need to be tested in human trials. Studies that have been conducted in humans show essentially no toxicity of DHEA treatment at dosages that restore serum levels, with evidence of normalization in some aging physiological systems. Thus, DHEA deficiency may expedite the development of some diseases that are common in the elderly.3Hops
This randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial in parallel group design demonstrated equivalent efficacy and tolerability of a hop-valerian preparation compared with a benzodiazepine preparation in patients suffering from sleep disorders-- according to DSM-IV criteria. Sleep quality, fitness and quality of life were determined by psychometric tests, psychopathologic scales and sleep-questionnaires at the beginning of the therapy, end of therapy (duration 2 weeks) and then 1 week after cessation of therapy. Patients' state of health (4-point scale) and medication tolerability (occurrence of adverse events) were documented. Using the following as parameters "Alphabetischer Durchstreichtest, Feinmotoriktest, Befindlichkeitsskala, Beschwerdeliste, Schlaffragebogen A and B" the differences between beginning and the end of the therapy were analyzed by simultaneous testing of the equality or superiority of the test preparation. The equivalence of both therapies according to sleep quality, fitness and quality of life was proven by a Mann-Whitney-Statistic of 0.50 with a lower boundary of the 95% confidence interval of 0.46. The patients' state of health improved during therapy while showing a deterioration after cessation with both preparations. Withdrawal symptoms, however, were documented with benzodiazepine. Only one adverse drug reaction was reported during this study, namely stomach complaints from both the test and reference medication. This study shows that the investigated hop-valerian preparation in the appropriate dose is a sensible alternative to benzodiazepine for the treatment of nonchronic and non-psychiatric sleep disorders.8
Seda-Kneipp a compound preparation of valerian and hops was given to sleep disturbed subjects during the second or third of three consecutive nights disturbed by heavy traffic noise. Prior drug administration reduced the noise induced disturbance of sleep stage patterns: slow-wave sleep and stage REM increased. It is recommended that the initial treatment of severe insomnia by "strong" sleeping pills should be followed by a period during which "weak" sleeping pills are given before the drug administration finally is discontinued.9
Melatonin
Melatonin is a hormone produced mainly by the pineal gland and secreted primarily at night, when it reaches levels 10 times higher than those present in the daytime. The highest melatonin levels are found in children younger than 4yr; thereafter melatonin levels begin to decline with age. As a chronobiotic, melatonin acts on sleep by phase-advancing or delaying the sleep-wake cycle so that sleep onset occurs earlier or later than usual. Beneficial effects of melatonin have been observed in delayed and advanced sleep phase syndromes. These effects depend on the time that the hormone is administered. Melatonin is also used for jet lag and has been tried in shift workers and night workers to re-entrain their desynchronized rhythms. Melatonin also has free radical-scavenging properties that have primarily been observed in vitro at pharmacological concentrations.4
Melatonin is remarkably effective in preventing or reducing jet-lag, and occasional short-term use appears to be safe. It should be recommended to adult travellers flying across five or more time zones, particularly in an easterly direction, and especially if they have experienced jet-lag on previous journeys. Travellers crossing 2-4 time zones can also use it if need be. The pharmacology and toxicology of melatonin needs systematic study, and routine pharmaceutical quality control of melatonin products must be established. The effects of melatonin in people with epilepsy, and a possible interaction with warfarin, need investigation.6
Melatonin may have a promising future for the treatment of insomnia. The lack of standardized criteria for diagnosing sleep disorders and the lack of structured psychiatric interviews for ruling out psychiatric pathology are clear obstacles in generalizing these results.7
Passion Flower
The sedative effect of Passion flower has made it popular for treating a variety of ailments, including nervousness and insomnia. Research has indicated that passion flower has a complex activity on the central nervous system (CNS), which is responsible for its overall tranquilizing effects. Also, it apparently has an antispasmodic effect on smooth muscles within the body, including the digestive system, promoting digestion.
Progesterone
Progesterone has been shown to exert benzodiazepine-like (Valium et al) effects on sleep, which suggests that they are mediated by an agonistic modulation of GABA(A) receptor functioning.1,2
Another study suggests that medroxyprogesterone acetate and micronized progesterone are both effective for treating menopausal symptoms but that the latter might better improve the quality of sleep in postmenopausal women taking estrogen.5
Projuvine (pro-ju-ven-a') is a replenishing/regenerating skin cream, which contains natural pharmaceutical grade (USP) progesterone and liposomal antioxidants in a patented surfactant free European emulsion system.
Healthy levels of progesterone have also been shown to promote better sleep.Valerian
Extract
Primarily for insomnia, Valerian works like a sedative helping you to relax, and
to sleep deeply and restfully, reducing night awakenings as well as
increasing dream recall the next day.
Secure Sleep Order Form
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If you wish to order by Fax, Print this order form and Fax it to: 1-913-236 7698.
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Check the items desired and enter the "Quantity" desired, like 1 or 2 units. Be sure to enter an amount for Shipping & Handling!
| International Orders: Be sure to check with your customs officials to verify the ability to import the product you are ordering. We are not responsible for orders detained by foreign customs and no refunds will be made. By submitting an international order The Customer agrees that HE/She has read, understands and agrees to the terms of the International Sales Contract. |
These statements have not been evaluated by
the Food & Drug
Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, cure, treat or
prevent
any disease. If pregnant or lactating, consult a physician before using.
When submitting this order by depressing the "Submit Order"
button, customer agrees that all sales are final with "No refunds Or
Exchanges" made.
Copyright © 2000 The Hormone Shop, LLC. All rights reserved.
References:
1.
The GABA(A) receptor antagonist picrotoxin attenuates most sleep changes induced by progesterone.Lancel M, Faulhaber J, Holsboer F, Rupprecht R.Department of Neuroendocrinology, Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
2. Allopregnanolone affects sleep in a benzodiazepine-like
fashion.
Lancel M, Faulhaber J, Schiffelholz T, Romeo E, Di Michele F, Holsboer F,
Rupprecht R.
Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Clinical Institute, Munich, Germany. lancel@mpipsykl.mpg.de
3. Dehydroepiandrosterone and diseases of aging. Watson RR,
Huls A, Araghinikuam M, Chung S.
Arizona Prevention Center, University of Arizona, School of Medicine, Tucson,
USA. rwatson@ccit.arizona.edu
4. Human aging and melatonin. Clinical relevance. Touitou
Y.Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine
Pitie-Salpetriere, 91 Boulevard de l'Hopital, 75634 Cedex 13, Paris,
France
5. Sleep in menopause: differential effects of two forms
of hormone replacement therapy.Montplaisir J, Lorrain J, Denesle R, Petit D.
Centre d'etude du sommeil, H pital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal and Department
of Psychiary, Universite de Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
6.Melatonin for preventing and treating jet lag (Cochrane
Review). Herxheimer A, Petrie KJ.
UK Cochrane Centre, 9 Park Crescent, London N3 2NL, UK. andrew herxheimer@compuserve.com
7. [Efficiency of melatonin in the treatment of
insomnia].[Article in Spanish] Morera AL, Henry M, Villaverde-Ruiz ML, Gracia-Marco
R.
Departamento de Medicina Interna, Dermatologia y Psiquiatria, Facultad de
Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna y Servicio de Psiquiatria del Hospital
Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife. amorera@ull.es
8.[Comparative study for assessing quality of life of patients with exogenous sleep disorders (temporary sleep onset and sleep interruption disorders) treated with a hops-valarian preparation and a benzodiazepine drug]. [Article in German] Schmitz M, Jackel M.Institut fur Psychosomatik, Wien. Schmitz@ins.at
9. [Experimental studies of the effects of Seda-Kneipp on the sleep of sleep disturbed subjects; implications for the treatment of different sleep disturbances (author's transl)]. [Article in German] Muller-Limmroth W, Ehrenstein W.
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